![]() ![]() Moreover, the affinity to Europeans is proportionate to caste rank, the upper castes being most similar to Europeans, particularly East Europeans. In contrast, for paternally inherited Y-chromosome variation each caste is more similar to Europeans than to Asians. However, 20%–30% of Indian mtDNA haplotypes belong to West Eurasian haplogroups, and the frequency of these haplotypes is proportional to caste rank, the highest frequency of West Eurasian haplotypes being found in the upper castes. For maternally inherited mtDNA, each caste is most similar to Asians. ![]() To explore the impact of West Eurasians on contemporary Indian caste populations, we compared mtDNA (400 bp of hypervariable region 1 and 14 restriction site polymorphisms) and Y-chromosome (20 biallelic polymorphisms and 5 short tandem repeats) variation in ∼265 males from eight castes of different rank to ∼750 Africans, Asians, Europeans, and other Indians. Subsequently they may have established the Hindu caste system and placed themselves primarily in castes of higher rank. They purportedly admixed with or displaced indigenous Dravidic-speaking populations. In the most recent of these waves, Indo-European-speaking people from West Eurasia entered India from the Northwest and diffused throughout the subcontinent. This is owing, in part, to the many different waves of immigrants that have influenced the genetic structure of India. The origins and affinities of the ∼1 billion people living on the subcontinent of India have long been contested. ![]()
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